Highlights
- Recognizing UTI symptoms in dogs is crucial for prompt and effective treatment.
- Emphasizing hygiene and proper care can significantly reduce the risk of recurrent infections.
Overview and Pathophysiology
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) in dogs are common bacterial infections primarily affecting the bladder and urethra, but they can extend to the kidneys and ureters in severe cases. The most frequent causative agent is Escherichia coli, with other bacteria like Staphylococcus, Enterococcus, and Proteus also involved, especially in recurrent or complicated infections. Bacteria enter through the urethra, multiply in the bladder causing inflammation (cystitis), and can ascend to the kidneys causing pyelonephritis if untreated. Symptoms include frequent urination with small volumes, pain, and sometimes blood in the urine. Diagnosis requires clinical assessment, urinalysis, urine culture, and imaging to identify infection and underlying abnormalities. Treatment focuses on targeted antibiotics guided by culture results, alongside supportive care and prevention of recurrence.
Causes, Risk Factors, and Signs
UTIs are usually caused by bacterial contamination from feces, with female dogs more susceptible due to shorter urethras. Anatomical issues like ectopic ureters or recessed vulvas, incomplete bladder emptying, immune suppression, and certain diseases (e.g., diabetes, Cushing’s) increase risk. Some breeds are prone to urinary stones, which complicate infections. Symptoms include frequent urination, straining, blood in urine, licking the urinary area, increased thirst, and sometimes behavioral changes. These signs may overlap with other diseases, necessitating veterinary evaluation.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis involves urinalysis to detect infection markers and microscopic examination to identify bacteria and cells. Urine culture confirms the pathogen and guides antibiotic choice. Physical exams assess anatomical abnormalities, especially in recurrent cases. Imaging such as ultrasound or radiographs helps detect stones or structural issues. Additional tests may be needed to rule out other diseases. Follow-up urinalysis confirms infection resolution, and persistent infections require further investigation.
Treatment
Antimicrobial therapy is the primary treatment, ideally based on urine culture and sensitivity to combat resistance. Treatment duration varies: uncomplicated UTIs may need shorter courses, while complicated cases require extended therapy. Completing the full antibiotic course is essential to prevent recurrence. Supportive care includes pain management and increasing water intake. Surgical removal of stones may be necessary in some cases. Fluoroquinolones are generally reserved to reduce resistance, favoring penicillins or cephalosporins for uncomplicated infections. Behavioral modifications, such as frequent urination, help prevent recurrence. Veterinary reassessment is needed if no improvement occurs within 48 hours.
Prevention
Prevention involves maintaining hygiene, especially in females with recessed vulvas, using unscented or medicated wipes as needed. Surgical correction may be recommended for anatomical abnormalities. Regular veterinary exams help identify risk factors like perivulvar dermatitis or urethral masses. Responsible antibiotic use supports antimicrobial stewardship. Supplements like probiotics may aid urinary health but require veterinary guidance. Early detection and treatment of urinary signs through routine check-ups reduce complication risks.
Complications and Prognosis
Complications include pyelonephritis, recurrent infections, and treatment failure due to underlying abnormalities or resistant bacteria. Dogs with immunosuppression, diabetes, or urinary tract dysfunction are at higher risk. Recurrent UTIs necessitate thorough evaluation and management of predisposing factors. Prognosis is generally good for uncomplicated infections treated appropriately; however, resistant or complicated cases require tailored therapies. Ongoing monitoring is important to ensure resolution and prevent recurrence, with judicious antibiotic use to maintain effectiveness.
The content is provided by Sierra Knightley, Scopewires
